However, no differences were observed in the levels of cytokines IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-12p70, IFN-α, sCD40L, sCD130, sTREM-1, TGF-β, G-CSF, GM-CSF, TGF-A, VEGF, and chemokines SDF-1, MCP-1, and RANTES between severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients. Here, CXCL12 is linked to COVID-19.