The anti-inflammatory effects of the gut microbiota may be mediated by the endocannabinoid system (Vijay et al., 2021), suggesting that modulation of the gut microbiota could reduce IL6 levels, thereby restoring immunity, reducing pulmonary inflammation (Deng et al., 2024), and alleviating asthma (Liu et al., 2023) and COPD (Wang J. et al., 2023). Here, IL6 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.