ESR1 and Hyperglycemia: Accordingly, when faced with nutritional problems, males are more prone than females to acquire obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia when taking into account practically all animal models.[38] The protective effects of endogenous estrogens are demonstrated by clinical and experimental studies, mostly due to the activation of estrogen receptor α in a variety of organs, such as the brain, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreatic beta cells.