VDR and atopic eczema: Human cathelicidin peptide LL-37, which is upregulated through VDR activation, has been found to inhibit replication of different viruses including HSV-1.[32–34] LL-37 also inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine release caused by stimulation of toll-like receptors 2,4, and 9 (TLRs 2,4, and 9).[35] VDR agonists downregulated the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in human monocytes.[36] Bothou et al[37] demonstrated potential benefits of anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory effects of 1,25-vitD3 and 1,25-vitD2 in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis.