Furthermore, we demonstrated that a TGFβ-based immune modulatory vaccine (“TGFβ vaccine”) induced a TGFβ-specific T-cell response that controlled tumor growth in a preclinical model of pancreatic cancer [10] through the direct and indirect modulation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) [10, 11]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.