IL1B and viral infectious disease: We observed a significant reduction in the relative mRNA levels of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-1β, which are the downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines regulated by NF-κB signaling, upon stable expression of SER5 in U937 and THP-1 cells after the viral infection (Fig. 3, B–E, G–J), indicating that SER5 negatively regulates HIV-1-induced activation of NF-κB signaling in U937 and THP-1 cells.