ST3GAL1 and infection: Compared to mock-infected cells, AIV infection significantly upregulated the expression of ST3GAL6 and MGAT2 genes at 12-, 24-, 36-, and 48-hours post-infection, and ST3GAL1 gene at 24-, 36-, and 48-hours post-infection, while B4GALT1 expression remained largely unchanged (Fig 5A).