BECN1 and cancer: Nevertheless, the effectiveness of 5-FU is limited by the promotion of protective autophagy as an unintended consequence in different cancer types through multiple pathways: (1) augmentation of Beclin-1 expression, aiding in the transformation of LC3I to LC3II (160); (2) JNK-triggered protective autophagy and activation of Bcl-2 phosphorylation, resulting in resilience to 5-FU; and (3) increased autophagy flow when 5-FU is present (161).