Notably, 10 genes were consistently identified in the top DMRs across both LSCC and HNSC top 30 DMR list (Table 2), indicating potential pan-squamous cell carcinoma biomarkers: ALX4, EVX1, HOXD10, MIR311, NKX2-6, SFTA3, ABCC9, MIR409, PCDHGA12, and HOXD9. Here, SFTA3 is linked to squamous cell carcinoma.