Overexpression of GD3S enhances tumor growth, proliferation, and metastasis in various cancers (Cazet et al., 2010; Schengrund, 2023) including thyroid, lung, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, renal, prostate, breast cancer, and most prominently, glioma and melanoma (Cazet et al., 2010; Yeh et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2018; Kasprowicz et al., 2022; Seo et al., 2024), illustrated in Supplementary Figure S2. This evidence concerns the gene ST8SIA1 and glioma.