FISH data confirmed localization in osteosarcoma cells, SLBP, DPH1, and MBD1 are predominantly localized in the nucleus, whereas CSNK1D is primarily located in the cytoplasm, protein expression was notably higher in PCa samples with elevated Gleason scores, linking these genes to aggressive PCa (Fig. 8c). Here, DPH1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.