CCL4 and colitis: In DSS colitis, taVNS locally decreased colonic inflammation by downregulating pro-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, Mip1β, MMP 9, MMP 2, and Nos2) at the mRNA level and upregulating anti-inflammatory TGF-β in non-colitic conditions at both mRNA and protein levels and IL-10 mRNA levels in both non-colitic and colitic conditions.