For instance, TGF-β exposure not only suppresses the functions of T, B, and NK cells thus enhancing immunosenescence but it can also induce cellular senescence, promote tissue fibrosis, and increase tissue atrophy and sarcopenia (Tominaga and Suzuki 2019; Salminen 2021b; Ren et al. 2023; Lan et al. 2024). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and sarcopenia.