GDF15 and infection: An increased expression of GDF15 has been closely associated with the microenvironments of immune tolerance, e.g., diverse tumors (Wischhusen et al. 2020), pregnancy (Segerer et al. 2012; Wischhusen et al. 2020), infections and sepsis (Luan et al. 2019; Ahmed et al. 2022), and many age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders as well as chronic kidney and lung diseases (Kato et al. 2023; Wan and Fu 2024; Lasaad and Crambert 2024).