When compared with the optimal group, the other 2 groups showed a higher likelihood of having greater WML volume, higher Fazekas deep WML scores, reduced cortical thickness, reduced total GM volume, increased ventricular volume, reduced FA, and increased MD, after adjusting for demographic factors, APOE ε4, vascular risk factors, heart diseases, and depression (see eTables 5 and 6). Here, APOE is linked to major depressive disorder.