ENPP1 and diabetes mellitus: (vi) Finally, there is circumstantial evidence that Enpp3 may be also related to diabetes, though a direct link to the insulin receptor, as that known to occur in the case of ENPP1, has not been reported (Ghanaat-Pour et al. 2007; Goldsworthy et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2019; Ye et al. 2024).