In addition to these preclinical studies, data from clinical studies have shown that decreased tumour αv expression correlates with improved survival in NSCLC patients who have been given anti-PD-L1 therapy [28], while increased ITGB8 on tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is associated with poor survival in a number of tumour types [32]. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.