TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Additionally, inhibitors targeting the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α can be used in the treatment of IBD patients, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab pegol (36, 37); therapies with IL-10 and IL-11 can restore the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines; and anti-adhesion agents (such as natalizumab and vedolizumab) can prevent leukocyte infiltration into the endothelium (38) and block intracellular signaling (39).