TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: The study found that treatment with TNF-α antagonists increased the risk of TB disease compared to control groups (OR 1.52, CI95 % 1.03–2.26, p = 0.03), with subgroup analyses revealing a significant association with TB risk in RA patients (OR 2.25, CI95 % 1.13–4.45, p = 0.02), but not in AS or Ps patients.