NFKB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In summary, our study demonstrated that ARO has protective effects on bronchial inflammation by attenuating immune cell accumulation, toxic molecule/cytokine/chemokine formation, and MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suggesting the potential development of ARO as an adjuvant for the prevention and treatment of COPD.