Among stromal fibroblast cells, ITGAV, ITGA1, ITGB1, and ITGB5 were significantly upregulated following IO and, notably, isolated tumor cells found in the stroma showed upregulation of B2M, VIM, ITGA5, ITGB2, and ITGA3 (Additional File 2: Table S9). Here, B2M is linked to neoplasm.