ATG5 and acute kidney injury: Fourteen and 28 days after I/R, there was no difference in the protein adduct formation of 4HNE between the WT and PT-atg5 KO groups, with levels reduced those similar to the sham group (Fig. 5A, B), suggesting Atg5 depletion in renal proximal tubules exacerbated tubular oxidative stress in the early phase of AKI following I/R, potentially contributing to the more severe kidney injury without autophagy.