Additionally, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (Supplementary Fig. 6c), which can promote tumor proliferation and metastasis, was increased in CXCR1+ neutrophils.36,37 Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) of hallmark gene sets revealed distinct pathway profiles among the three subsets, with CXCR1+ neutrophils exhibiting characteristics related to hypoxia, MTORC1, IL-2 and IL-6 signaling. Here, CXCR1 is linked to neoplasm.