Currently, cutting-edge high-throughput techniques, such as RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), T cell receptor sequencing and microarray-based spatial transcriptomics methods, at single-cell and/or spatial resolutions have been extensively applied to characterize the immune landscape in ESCC with or without chemoradiotherapies, since camrelizumab has emerged as a promising immunotherapy for ESCC patients [11–14]. This evidence concerns the gene TBXT and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.