INS and gestational diabetes: Diabetes mellitus, a chronic progressive disease involving impaired glycemic control and glycemic variability, can be etiopathologically classified into three categories: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and special types of diabetes, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pancreatic diabetes mellitus.536 T1DM is characterized by impaired insulin secretion due to the destruction of pancreatic β-cells by the autoimmune system.