TGFB1 and cancer: A previous study demonstrated that the anti-TGF-β antibodies or TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor SM16 can block TGF-β signaling, eliminating pro-tumorigenic N2 TANs and promoting anti-tumorigenic N1 TANs in murine tumor models.67 Subsequently, several studies have also demonstrated that TGF-β blockade is a promising strategy for triggering CD8+ T cell infiltration and improving tumor immunotherapy outcomes.774,775 Clinical trials have evaluated various agents targeting TGF-β signaling in cancer treatment.