AKT1 and osteoporosis: In osteoblasts, a specialized cell that plays a crucial role in bone remodeling and resorption, IGF-1R plays a role through the PI3K/AKT pathway in differentiation and proliferation (251), affecting various mechanisms such as stimulation of their precursors, and enhancement of osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and collagen type I. IGF-1R prevents senile osteoporosis by promoting the proliferation of senescent osteoblasts via PI3K/AKT (252) and controls bone mass (253) and mineralization (254).