TNF and infection: In accordance with these studies and our results, it is proposed that the activation of these TFs leads to the positive regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, CCL7, CCL8, CXCL5, in the PBMCs; which induces greater recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells to the sites of infection, thus contributing to an exacerbated inflammatory response and the development of severe symptoms.