TNF and colitis: Bettenworth et al. used an α-MSH C-terminus fragment tripeptide K(d)PT in their in vitro/in vivo interleukin 10 (IL10) deficient colitis mice models to note a reduced severity in inflammation and improved transepithelial electrical resistance after interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) activation (Bettenworth et al., 2011).