The dysbiosis microbiome invades the immature intestine of preterm infants and interacts with the overexpressed TLR4 in the intestinal epithelial cells, triggering pro-inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosa and underlying endothelial cells, leading to the development of NEC (Hackam and Sodhi, 2022). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is necrotizing enterocolitis.