Notably, consistent with previous studies using different cancer types, including B16 and AT-3 (refs. 54,55), the dual blockade of A2ARs and PD-1 resulted in a significantly greater reduction in tumour growth than did monotherapies (Fig. 5i), indicating that A2AR inhibition contributes to enhancing the efficacy of ICIs in CRPC. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.