Notably, consistent with previous studies using different cancer types, including B16 and AT-3 (refs. 54,55), the dual blockade of A2ARs and PD-1 resulted in a significantly greater reduction in tumour growth than did monotherapies (Fig. 5i), indicating that A2AR inhibition contributes to enhancing the efficacy of ICIs in CRPC. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and cancer.