Between these three methods, we consistently observed that n = 3 gene sets were significantly upregulated in the NR group, including Interferon Alpha Response and Interferon Gamma Response, and n = 11 gene sets were upregulated in the R group, such as EMT (Fig. 1F–H); gene sets that have previously been associated with prognosis in multiple cancer types, including colorectal cancer19,20. Here, IFNG is linked to cancer.