M2 macrophages are recognized as the principal effector cells in promoting tissue repair and inducing PF, primarily through the secretion of pro-fibrotic factors such as TGF-β1, IL-4, PDGF, and IL-13, which stimulate fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast activation [101]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pemphigus foliaceus.