Moreover, additional functions of PD‐L1 in tumorigenesis have also been elucidated (Huang et al., 2022), cancer progression (Liu, Reck, et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2019), proliferation (Shen et al., 2022), angiogenesis (Xie et al., 2019), invasion (Shen et al., 2019), metastasis (Loibl et al., 2021), tumor cell survival (Reck et al., 2021), chemotherapy resistance (Jiang et al., 2021), and immune evasion (Tauriello et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.