AR mediates physiological and pathophysiological effects of androgens, including spermatogenesis, prostate development, and cancer progression by binding androgen response elements, which influence transcription of AR target genes.18, 19, 20 In the testis AR mainly localizes to Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and peritubular cells,21 also in the dog.16 This evidence concerns the gene AR and cancer.