PDK4 and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes increased the expression of regulators that control the oxidation of fuel types including pyruvate kinase muscle type 2 (PKM2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), hypoxia-inducible factor 1–alpha (HIF1α), and the EMT regulator Snail1 in the kidneys from diabetic control mice whereas these effects were not prominent in kidneys from Angplt4−/− mice (Fig. 2, B and C).