ACE and Cowden syndrome 1: Preoperative hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease; preoperative use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium ion channel blockers, and beta-blockers; and preoperative low baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), preoperative low hemoglobin level may present with CRE elevation even if there is no CS-AKI at postoperative discharge16.