This ultimately promotes cellular proliferation and survival.[57, 58] Given the wide range of cellular processes regulated by MAPK, including cell metabolism, proliferation, motility, apoptosis, survival, and differentiation, it is not surprising that lnc191 can activate the GRP78/EGFR/ERK pathway in ESCC cells, thereby promoting tumor progression. The gene discussed is MAPK1; the disease is neoplasm.