MAPK1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: This ultimately promotes cellular proliferation and survival.[57, 58] Given the wide range of cellular processes regulated by MAPK, including cell metabolism, proliferation, motility, apoptosis, survival, and differentiation, it is not surprising that lnc191 can activate the GRP78/EGFR/ERK pathway in ESCC cells, thereby promoting tumor progression.