This effect on migration has been seen in other types of cancer such as breast cancer (Acosta-Casique et al., 2023); importantly ERK/MEK pharmacological inhibition has been implicated in the regulation of HPV oncoproteins allowing malignant transformation and progression (Luna et al., 2021), but no evidence on migration or proliferation has been reported previously for CC. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK1 and breast cancer.