TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: As shown in Figure 5I-L and Figure S6K, intratracheal instillation of HMOX1-overexpressed lentivirus reduced the therapeutic effectiveness of DIPY in ARDS mice, as evidenced by exacerbated alveolar septa thickening, aggravated infiltration of inflammatory cells into the bronchioles, vascular bed, and lung parenchyma, and increased inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) in BALF after HMOX1 overexpression.