PD-1 has been identified on the surface of PCa-infiltrating CD8+ T cells 113, its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 are frequently overexpressed in the prostate TME 114, 115; in addition, the compensatory upregulation of VISTA in PCa that is treated with ipilimumab suggests an emergent role of this checkpoint that warrants further investigation 116. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and posterior cortical atrophy.