AKT1 and colonic neoplasm: Studies have shown that PD inhibits the proliferation of liver cancer cells and induces apoptosis in tumor cells by suppressing Protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation (Jiang et al., 2019; Farooq et al., 2023; Enayati et al., 2022); In colon cancer cells, the treatment of PD combined with 5-FU disrupts their mitochondrial function and thus enhances tumor cell chemosensitivity (Bae et al., 2021).