PTBP1 and Parkinson disease: Recent studies have reported that PTBP1 knockdown by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CasRx, shRNA, or RNase-H1-inducing antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) is able to convert astrocytes to functional neurons, which provide axons to reconstruct the nigrostriatal circuit, restore the dopamine levels, and alleviate motor symptoms in PD mouse models in a direct, single-step process [25, 27].