INS and Insulin resistance: When Pdpn+ Mφs were cocultured with insulin-treated IR-3T3 cells or insulin-treated T2DM-PV-adipocytes, they significantly attenuated the above-mentioned abnormalities in cytokine and vasoactive factor expression, as well as the NF-κB and PI3K pathways, thus reducing the dysfunction of adipocytes induced by insulin resistance.