INS and Insulin resistance: The results were consistent with those obtained from 3T3-L1 cells, namely, Pdpn+ Mφs significantly enhanced glucose consumption and insulin signaling pathway and ameliorated insulin resistance in PV-adipocytes of T2DM rats (T2DM-PV-adipocyte), while Pdpn− Mφs also did not show the above-mentioned beneficial effects of Pdpn+ Mφs (Fig. 6D, E).