Although the diagnostic and prognostic roles of NFL and pNFH in serum and/or CSF for ALS have a better promising, the elevated levels of NFL and pNFH in serum and/or CSF also are found in lots of other neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, atypical Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and bipolar disorder [60,77]. The gene discussed is NEFL; the disease is dementia.