Notably, the relatively normal p53 expression observed in cells treated with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts from V. doniana suggests that their secondary metabolites such as phytosterols, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and flavonoids probably modulated its expression to drive apoptosis and ultimately avert cancer development and progression (Tsepaeva et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2017; Mandour et al., 2023). Here, TP53 is linked to cancer.