INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In type 2 diabetes model (T2DM) rats, AME reduces the release of TNF-α, upregulates glucose transporter 2 expression, enhances the absorption and utilization of blood glucose by the liver and skeletal muscle, and reduces insulin resistance through the PI3K/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and PPARγ signaling pathways (Zhang et al., 2019).