Lupus risk loci for the majority of these IRF5 causal candidates are associated with increased total IRF5 expression in blood and lymphoblastoid cell lines (22, 91, 93, 108, 110, 111, 113-119), except for rs729302-A where results are contradictory (110, 112). This evidence concerns the gene IRF5 and systemic lupus erythematosus.