TNF and major depressive disorder: Recent data shows that blood cytokine network is altered in psychiatric disorders (Goldsmith et al., 2016) and that blood levels of IL-3, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, soluble IL-2 receptor and TNF-α are significantly altered in depressive patients and could be investigated as biomarkers of depression (Osimo et al., 2020)Zhang et al., 2024.