The microbiome has been shown to alter proinflammatory IL-17 production, which appears to accelerate the progression of CRC by interacting with cells in the tumor microenvironment to promote proliferation through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways, and through inhibition of CD8+ and regulatory T cells [119,120]. The gene discussed is IL17A; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.