FMO5 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Obesity induces systemic oxidative stress through various biochemical mechanisms, including superoxide generation by NADPH oxidases, oxidative phosphorylation, glyceraldehyde auto-oxidation, and activation of protein kinase C. Additional contributors to oxidative stress in obesity include hyperleptinemia, reduced antioxidant defenses, chronic inflammation, and the generation of reactive oxygen species following meals [10].