NFKB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: For instance, HBx has been found to activate and modulate transcription factors, like NF-κB (Lim et al., 2013), AP-1 (Benn et al., 1996), and p53 (Choi et al., 2002), which are crucial in controlling inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis of HCC cells.